Optimizing microencapsulation of α-tocopherol with pectin and sodium alginate

Singh J, Kaur K, Kumar P

J Food Sci Technol. 2018 Sep;55(9):3625-3631. doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3288-6. Epub 2018 Jul 11.

Abstract

α–Tocopherol is a well-known fat-soluble antioxidant and is widely used in the food industry for stabilizing free radicals. Incorporation and stability of it into food is another challenge as directly added α–tocopherol is prone to inactivation by food constituents. This study was aimed at optimizing conditions for encapsulation of α–tocopherol using combination of sodium alginate (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) as primary wall material and pectin (2.0%) as filler. The optimum conditions were selected on the basis of encapsulation efficiency, shape, size, bulk density, yield and swelling index with syringe method. The encapsulation efficiency of α–tocopherol in microencapsules produced under optimal conditions was 52.91% using sodium alginate 1.5% w/v and pectin 2.0% w/v. α–Tocopherol was encapsulated with encapsulator using standard conditions and was compared with syringe method. The encapsulation efficiency was found more (55.97%) in microencapsules prepared with encapsulator and 52.11% in microencapsules prepared with syringe.

Mune M, Uto-Kondo H, Iteya I, Fujii Y, Ikeda S, Ikewaki K

Clin Nephrol. 2018 Sep;90(3):212-221. doi: 10.5414/CN109197.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD) have been shown to be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and impaired cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) have been reported in such patients, and effects of vitamin E supplementation on HDL functions are poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate effects of vitamin E supplementation on HDL and endothelial functions in ESKD patients undergoing HD. We also assessed the influence of diabetes and haptoglobin (Hp) phenotype on the effects of vitamin E.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Vitamin E (300 mg daily) was supplemented for 12 weeks, followed by a 10-week washout phase in 40 ESKD patients undergoing HD (20 diabetic and 20 nondiabetic patients). HDL functions, including CEC, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity, were investigated. In diabetic patients, endothelial function, as represented by flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD), was also assessed. The findings were compared according to diabetic condition or Hp phenotype.

RESULTS:

Vitamin E significantly increased CEC, whereas antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity remained unchanged. Further, the improvement in CEC was maintained after the 10-week washout phase. Endothelial function was significantly improved in diabetic patients. Subanalyses based on diabetes or Hp phenotype revealed that neither diabetes nor Hp phenotype influenced the effects of vitamin E.

CONCLUSION:

In ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis, vitamin E supplementation significantly improved the HDL function of CEC and, in diabetic patients, endothelial function. These effects were independent of Hp phenotype.

Meydani SN, Lewis ED, Wu D

Adv Nutr. 2018 Sep 1;9(5):533-543. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy035.

Abstract

Current vitamin E requirements are uniformly applied across the population for those >14 y of age. However, aging is associated with alterations in cellular and physiologic functions, which are affected by vitamin E. Therefore, it is questionable whether vitamin E requirements can be uniformly applied to all adult age categories. With aging, there is dysregulation of the immune system in which there are decreased cell-mediated and pathogen defense responses coupled with an overactive, prolonged inflammatory state. Both animal and human studies in the aged suggest that intake above currently recommended levels of vitamin E may improve immune and inflammatory responses and be associated with a reduced risk of infectious disease. We review the evidence that was considered in establishing the current requirements for vitamin E and highlight data that should be considered in determining the vitamin E requirements in older adults, particularly focusing on the evidence suggesting a benefit of increased vitamin E intake on immune function and inflammatory processes and resistance to infection. The main objective of this Perspective is to initiate the discussion of whether the current Dietary Reference Intake for vitamin E should be increased for the older population. We make this suggestion on the basis of mechanistic studies showing biological plausibility, correction of a major cellular dysfunction in older adults, and strong evidence from several animal and a few human studies indicating a reduction in risk and morbidity from infections.

Abdulla KA, Um CY, Gross MD, Bostick RM

J Nutr. 2018 Sep 1;148(9):1453-1461. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy132.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Although α- and γ-tocopherol are co-consumed antioxidants, circulating γ-tocopherol concentrations were paradoxically found to be inversely associated with total vitamin E intake and circulating α-tocopherol concentrations. There are limited data on this apparent paradox or on determinants of circulating γ-tocopherol concentrations.

OBJECTIVE:

To help clarify possible determinants of circulating γ-tocopherol concentrations, we investigated associations of circulating γ-tocopherol concentrations with various dietary and lifestyle factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.

METHODS:

We pooled cross-sectional data from 2 outpatient, adult, elective colonoscopy populations (pooled n = 419) on whom extensive dietary, lifestyle, and medical information was collected, and the following plasma concentrations were measured: α- and γ-tocopherol (via HPLC), F2-isoprostanes (FiPs; via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; via latex-enhanced immunonephelometry). Multivariable general linear models were used to assess mean γ-tocopherol differences across quantiles of plasma antioxidant micronutrients, FiPs, and hsCRP; an oxidative balance score [OBS; a composite of anti- and pro-oxidant dietary and lifestyle exposures (a higher score indicates higher antioxidant relative to pro-oxidant exposures)]; and multiple dietary and lifestyle factors.

RESULTS:

Adjusted for serum total cholesterol, mean γ-tocopherol concentrations among those in the highest relative to the lowest tertiles of circulating α-tocopherol and β-carotene, the OBS, and total calcium and dietary fiber intakes were 31.0% (P < 0.0001), 29.0% (P < 0.0001), 27.6% (P = 0.0001), 29.7% (P < 0.0001), and 18.6% (P = 0.008) lower, respectively. For those in the highest relative to the lowest tertiles of circulating FiPs and hsCRP, mean γ-tocopherol concentrations were 50% (P < 0.0001) and 39.0% (P < 0.0001) higher, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings support the conclusion that circulating γ-tocopherol concentrations are inversely associated with antioxidant exposures and directly associated with systemic oxidative stress and inflammation in adults. Additional research on possible mechanisms underlying these findings and on whether circulating γ-tocopherol may serve as a biomarker of oxidative stress, inflammation, or both is needed.

Bhatti SA, Khan MZ, Hassan ZU, Saleemi MK, Khatoon A, Abidin ZU, Hameed MR

Toxicon. 2018 Aug 29. pii: S0041-0101(18)30358-1. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.012. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary ochratoxin A (OA), in the presence and absence of L-carnitine (LC) and vitamin E (VE), on the humoral immune responses of White Leghorn cockerels (WLC). One-day old white male Leghorn chicks were divided into 12 groups, having 20 birds each and were offered ration contaminated with OA (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg feed) alone and concurrently with LC (1.0 g/kg) and/or VE (0.2 g/kg), for 42 days. The humoral immune responses were accessed by lymphoproliferative response to avian tuberculin, in-vivo phagosomes activity to carbon particles and antibody response to the sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). The dietary addition of OA alone suppressed the humoral immune responses, however, the exposure of birds to 1.0 mg/kg OA in the presence of LC and/or VE showed a significant reduction in OA induced immunotoxicity. This protective response was absent in the birds fed 2.0 mg/kg OA in the presence and absence of LC and/or VE. Histopathological and morphometric examination of the bursa of Fabricius exhibited a decrease in the severity and frequency of OA induced lesions in the presence of dietary LC and/or VE. The use of LC and VE as dietary supplement, can effectively overcome OA (≤1.0 mg/kg) induced immunosuppression.

Mukai K, Ishikawa E, Ouchi A, Nagaoka SI, Abe K, Suzuki T, Izumisawa K

Lipids. 2018 Aug 28. doi: 10.1002/lipd.12053. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

Recently, a new assay method that can quantify the singlet oxygen-absorption capacity (SOAC) of antioxidants (AO) and food extracts in homogeneous organic solvents has been proposed. In the present study, second-order rate constants (k_Q ) for the reaction of singlet oxygen (¹ O₂ ) with vitamin E homologs (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols [Toc] and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols [Toc-3]) were measured in an aqueous Triton X-100 (5.0 wt%) micellar solution (pH 7.4). Toc-3 showed k_Q values larger than those of Toc in a micellar solution, although Toc and Toc-3 showed the same k_Q values in a homogeneous solution. Similar measurements were performed for 5 palm oil extracts 1-5 and one soybean extract 6, which contained different concentrations of Toc, Toc-3, and carotenoids. It has been clarified that the ¹ O₂ -quenching rates (k_Q ) (that is, the relative SOAC value) obtained for extracts 3-6 may be explained as the sum of the product ΣkQAO-iAO-i/100 of the rate constant (kQAO-i) and the concentration ([AO-i]/100) of AO-i contained. The UV-vis absorption spectra of Toc and Toc-3 were measured in a micellar solution and chloroform. The results obtained demonstrated that the k_Q values of AO in homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions vary notably depending on (1) polarity (dielectric constant [ε]) of the reaction field between ¹ O₂ and AO, (2) the local concentration of AO, and (3) the mobility of AO in solution. The results suggest that the SOAC method is applicable to the measurement of ¹ O₂ -quenching activity of general food extracts in a heterogeneous micellar solution.

Kawai M, Nakamura T, Miura N, Maeta M, Tanaka H, Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K, Tange K, Nakai Y, Yoshioka H, Harashima H, Akita H

Nanomedicine. 2018 Aug 28. pii: S1549-9634(18)30510-0. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.08.006. [Epub ahead of print

Abstract

Cytoplasmic DNA triggers cellular immunity via activating the stimulator of interferon genes pathway. Since DNA is degradable and membrane impermeable, delivery system would permit cytoplasmic delivery by destabilizing the endosomal membrane for the use as an adjuvant. Herein, we report on the development of a plasmid DNA (pDNA)-encapsulating lipid nanoparticle (LNP). The structural components include an SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipid-like material that mounts vitamin E as a hydrophobic scaffold, and dual sensing motifs that are responsive to the intracellular environment (ssPalmE). The pDNA-encapsulating LNP (ssPalmE-LNP) induced a high interferon-β production in Raw 264.7 cells. The subcutaneous injection of ssPalmE-LNP strongly enhanced antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell activity. The ssPalmE-LNP treatment efficiently induced antitumor effects against E.G7-OVA tumor and B16-F10 melanoma metastasis. Furthermore, when combined with an anti-programmed death 1 antibody, an extensive therapeutic antitumor effect was observed. Therefore, the ssPalmE-LNP is a promising carrier of adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy.